Natural resources and economic (under)development in Africa

Unless domestic elite property rights substantially improve, the natural resource sector will not power Africa's economic takeoff

I: Why aren’t there more African resource sector billionaires?

For a continent allegedly full of natural resources, African economies have created very little in legible productive wealth from the resource sector.¹ For example, in 2019 alone the continent produced $406b in mineral exports. Yet despite such eye-popping annual flows, the confluence of perso…